Research Instruments

Validated scales, questionnaires, and research tools for educational assessment, feedback literacy, and inclusive education

AssessmentStudentFeedback literacy

Feedback Literacy Behaviour Scale (FLBS) / 反馈素养量表

Measures how students seek, process, and use feedback information in their learning. The Chinese and English versions are documented separately.

English version citation
Dawson, P., Yan, Z., Lipnevich, A., Tai, J., Mahoney, P., & Boud, D. (2024). Measuring what learners do in feedback: The Feedback Literacy Behaviour Scale. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 49(3), 348-362.
Chinese version citation
Zhu, J., Yang, Y., & Yan, Z. (2025). Psychometric properties of the Feedback Literacy Behaviour Scale (FLBS) for Chinese students. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2025.2537390
AssessmentStudentSelf-assessment

Predictors of Self-assessment Questionnaire / 自我評估影響因素問卷

Assesses students’ attitudes, norms, self-efficacy, control, and intentions related to engaging in self-assessment.

Citation
Yan, Z., Brown, G. T. L., Lee, J. C. K., & Qiu, X. L. (2020). Student self-assessment: why do they do it? Educational Psychology, 40(4), 509-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1672038
AssessmentStudentSelf-assessment

Self-assessment Practices Scale (SaPS) / 自我评估行为量表

Measures how students monitor learning, seek external feedback, and use self-assessment practices during study.

Citation
Yan, Z. (2018). The Self-assessment Practice Scale (SaPS) for students: Development and psychometric studies. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 27(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-018-0371-8
AssessmentStudentSelf-assessment

Self-assessment Practices Scale-Short Form (SaPS-SF) / 自我评估行为量表(简版)

A shorter version of SaPS for measuring core student self-assessment behaviours with fewer items.

Citation
Yan, Z. (2019). Developing a short form of the Self-assessment Practices Scale: Psychometric Evidence. Frontiers in Education, 4(153). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00153
AssessmentStudentSelf-assessment

Self-assessment Practices Scale for English Language Learning

A subject-specific SaPS version for students reflecting on self-assessment practices while studying English.

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Citation
Mendoza, N. B., & Yan, Z. (2021). Validation of a subject-specific student Self-assessment Practices Scale among secondary school students in the Philippines. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 39(4), 481-493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282921994374
AssessmentStudentFormative and summative assessment

Student Attitudes towards Formative and Summative Assessment Scales

Measures students’ affective, instrumental, and learning-related attitudes toward daily formative assessment and final summative assessment.

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Citation
Guo, W. Y., & Yan, Z. (2019). Formative and summative assessment in Hong Kong primary schools: Students’ attitudes matter. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 26(6), 675-699. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2019.1571993
AssessmentStudentSchool-based assessment

School-based Assessment Questionnaire for Students

Assesses students’ understanding, attitudes, perceived norms, control, and intentions regarding school-based assessment.

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Citation
Yan, Z. (2014). Predicting teachers’ intentions to implement school-based assessment using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Educational Research and Evaluation, 20(2), 83-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2013.877394
AssessmentTeacherFormative assessment literacy

Teacher Formative Assessment Literacy Scale / 教師進展性評估素養量表

Measures teachers’ conceptual, practical, and socio-emotional literacy for implementing formative assessment.

Citation
Yan, Z., & Pastore, S. (2022). Are teachers literate in formative assessment? The development and validation of the Teacher Formative Assessment Literacy Scale. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 74, 101183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2022.101183
AssessmentTeacherFormative assessment practice

Teacher Formative Assessment Practice Scale / 教師進展性評估行為量表

Measures teacher-directed and student-directed formative assessment practices used in classroom teaching.

Citation
Yan, Z., & Pastore, S. (2022). Assessing teachers’ strategies in formative assessment: The Teacher Formative Assessment Practice Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(5), 592-604. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829221075121
AssessmentTeacherSchool-based assessment

Teachers’ Conceptions of School-based Assessment Questionnaire

Assesses teachers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceived control, and intentions around school-based assessment implementation.

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Citation
Yan, Z. (2014). Predicting teachers’ intentions to implement school-based assessment using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Educational Research and Evaluation, 20(2), 83-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2013.877394
AssessmentTeacherFormative assessment

Teachers’ Conceptions and Practices of Formative Assessment Questionnaire / 教師進展性評估理念與實踐問卷

Documents teachers’ formative assessment practices, conceptions, perceived contextual support, and implementation conditions.

Citation
Yan, Z., Chiu, M. M., & Cheng, E. C. K. (2022). Predicting teachers’ formative assessment practices: Teacher personal and contextual factors. Teaching and Teacher Education, 114, 103718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103718
AssessmentTeacherFormative assessment

Teachers’ Conceptions and Practices of Formative Assessment Questionnaire (2015)

An earlier English questionnaire for teachers’ attitudes, intentions, perceived control, and implementation of formative assessment.

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Citation
Yan, Z., & Cheng, E. C. K. (2015). Primary teachers’ attitudes, intentions and practices regarding formative assessment. Teaching and Teacher Education, 45, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.10.002
OthersTeacherSelf-regulated learning

Self-Regulated Learning Instruction Scale (SRLIS) / 自主學習教學量表

Measures how teachers support students’ self-regulated learning through strategy instruction, monitoring, and learning-process guidance.

Citation
Yan, Z. (2018). How teachers’ beliefs and demographic variables impact on self-regulated learning instruction. Educational Studies, 44(5), 564-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2017.1382331
OthersStudentTeacher support

Perceived Teacher Support Scale (PTSS)

Measures students’ perceived instrumental and emotional support from teachers.

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Citation
Wu, J., Yan, Z., Yang, Y., Zhu, J., Xiong, Y., & Chen, J. (2024). The perceived teacher support scale (PTSS) for students: Development and psychometric studies. International Journal of Educational Research, 128, 102487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102487
OthersStudentAdversity response

The Adversity Response Profile for Chinese University Students (ARP-CUS) / 中國大學生逆境應對量表

Uses scenario-based items to measure university students’ control, responsibility, reach, and endurance responses to adversity.

Citation
Wang, X., Yan, Z., Huang, Y., Tang, A., & Chen, J. (2022). Re-Developing the Adversity Response Profile for Chinese University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116389
OthersTeaching AssistantTeaching assistant efficacy

教學助理意向調查問卷

A Chinese questionnaire on teaching assistants’ perceived efficacy and daily work characteristics, including learning support and role-related confidence.

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Citation
Yan, Z., Lum, R. C. W., Lui, R. T. L., Chu, S. S. W., & Lui, A. M. (2015). Measuring teaching assistants’ efficacy using Rasch model. Journal of Applied Measurement, 16(1), 60-75.
OthersPrincipalInclusive education

Principal Questionnaire on Inclusive Education / 校長融合教育問卷

Assesses principals’ knowledge, attitudes, perceived control, intentions, and school practices related to inclusive education.

Citation
Yan, Z., & Sin, K. F. (2015). Exploring the intentions and practices of principals regarding inclusive education: An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Cambridge Journal of Education, 45(2), 205-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2014.934203
OthersSchool StaffInclusive education

Staff Questionnaire on Inclusive Education / 教職員融合教育問卷

Assesses school staff members’ knowledge, attitudes, perceived behavioural control, intentions, and practices for inclusive education.

Citation
Yan, Z., & Sin, K. F. (2014). Inclusive education: Teachers’ intentions and behaviour analysed from the viewpoint of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(1), 72-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2012.757811